HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

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history of biotechnology at DuckDuckGo

HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

History of Biotechnology - BioExplorer.Net

Evaluation of Biotech

History of biotechnology | Biotechnology Started (biotechonweb.com)

Humble Beginnings: The Origin Story of Biotechnology

Humble Beginnings: The History of Modern Biotechnology (labiotech.eu)

Timeline of Medical Biotechnology

Timeline | An Introduction to Biotechnology (amgen.com)

Simply --- A History of Biotechnology

Simply... A History Of Biotechnology | New Internationalist

Biotechnology: History, Scopes and Applications

Biotechnology: History, Scopes and Applications (with diagrams) (biotechnologynotes.com)

A Brief History of Nanotechnology

A brief history of nanotechnology - Foresight Institute

The Evolution of Biotechnology and Its Impact on Health Care

The Evolution Of Biotechnology And Its Impact On Health Care | Health Affairs

A Little History of Bionanotechnology and Nanomedicine

A little history of bionanotechnology and nanomedicine – Soft Machines

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, History of

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, History of | Encyclopedia.com

History of Recombinant dna - aka gene splicing

Recombinant dna Technology: Definition and History Genetics

Recombinant DNA Technology: Definition and History | Genetics (biologydiscussion.com)

Historical and Policy Timelines for Recombinant dna Technology

Historical and Policy Timelines for Recombinant DNA Technology - Oversight and Review of Clinical Gene Transfer Protocols - NCBI Bookshelf (nih.gov)

The Inmvention of Recombinant dna Technology

The Invention of Recombinant DNA Technology | by Life Sciences at CHF | LSF Magazine | Medium

Historical and Policy Timelines for Recombinant DNA Technology

Historical and Policy Timelines for Recombinant DNA Technology - Oversight and Review of Clinical Gene Transfer Protocols - NCBI Bookshelf (nih.gov)

Recombinant DNA

Recombinant DNA | Summary (whatisbiotechnology.org)

Recombinant DNA technology and beyond

Recombinant DNA technology and beyond timeline | Timetoast timelines

1972: First Recombinant DNA

1972: First Recombinant DNA (genome.gov)

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

Recombinant DNA Technology (genome.gov)

Recombinant DNA Technology: Definition and History | Genetics

Recombinant DNA Technology: Definition and History | Genetics (biologydiscussion.com)

7 Main Stages of Recombinant DNA Technology

7 Main Stages of Recombinant DNA Technology (biologydiscussion.com)

The History of DNA Timeline

The History of DNA Timeline | DNA Worldwide (dna-worldwide.com)

Timeline of Medical Biotechnology

Timeline | An Introduction to Biotechnology (amgen.com)

Genetics and Genomics Timeline

GNN - Genetics and Genomics Timeline (genomenewsnetwork.org)

Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering

Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering – HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology

History of DNA

History Of DNA Timeline | Preceden

DNA/Timelines

DNA/Timelines - Citizendium

history of recombinant DNA technology

history of recombinant DNA technology (slideshare.net)

Human Gene Therapy

Historical Perspectives Pertaining to the NIH Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee - PMC

Herbert W. Boyer and Stanley N. Cohen

Herbert W. Boyer and Stanley N. Cohen | Science History Institute

CRISPR TIMELINE

CRISPR Timeline | Broad Institute

CRISPR Timeline

CRISPR Timeline | Berkeley News

CRISPR REPEATS OBSERVED IN BACTERIAL GENOMES

Timeline of CRISPR (weebly.com)

A Timeline of the CRISPR/Cas System

A Timeline of the CRISPR/Cas System | Today's Clinical Lab

CRISPR-Cas9: Timeline of key events

Timeline: CRISPR-Cas9 (whatisbiotechnology.org)

CRISPR History and Development for Genome Engineering

Addgene: CRISPR History and Development for Genome Engineering

Human Gene Editing: A Timeline of CRISPR Cover Stories

Human Gene Editing: A Timeline of CRISPR Cover Stories | Center for Genetics and Society

A Brief History of CRISPR-Cas9 Genome-Editing Tools

A Brief History of CRISPR-Cas9 Genome-Editing Tools (bitesizebio.com)

The CRISPR Patent Battle Is Finally Over

The CRISPR Patent Battle Is Finally Over | Brownstone Research

BIOTECH TIMELINE

1859 Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of the Species

1866 Gregor Mendel discovers the basic principles of genetics - he postulated a set of rules to explain the inheritance of biological characteristics in living organisms

1869 Frederich Miescher identifies nuclein

1900s the eugenics movement

1900 Mendel’s theories are rediscovered by researchers

1902 Sir Archibald Garod is the first to associate Mendel’s theories with a human disease

1903 Sutton postulates that genes are located on chromosomes

1910 Morgan’s experiments prove genes are located

on chromosomes

1941 term genetic engineering first coined

1944 Oswald Avery identifies DNA as the transforming principle - Avery, Mcleod, and McCarty demonstrated that genes are composed of DNA rather than protein

1950 discovered plasmids, small module pieces of DNA could replicate in huge quantities independently of chromosomes in bacterial DNA and that they could transfer genetic information

1950 Erwin Chargaff discovers that DNA composition

is species specific

January 1950 Esther Lederberg discovered the lambda phage

1952 Rosalind Franken photographs crystallized DNA fibers

1952 Hershey and Chase confirm role of DNA as the basic

genetic material

1952 first observation of the modification of viruses by bacteria

1953 James Watson and Francis Crick discover the double helix structure of DNA - structure of DNA is determined

1953 George Gamow and the RNA tie club

October 1957 first synthesis of DNA in a test tube

1959 an additional copy of chromosome linked to Downs syndrome

1960 genetic code deciphered

1960 Swiss microbiologists Werner Arber and American biochemist Stuart Linn discover that bacteria can protect themselves from attack by viruses by producing endonucleases known as restriction enzymes, which can seek out a single DNA sequence in a virus and cut it precisely in one place = prevents the replication of viruses and the death of virally infected bacteria

Late 1960s recombinant DNA first breakthrough of rDNA = with discovery of restriction and endonucleases and restriction enzyme by Werner Arber and Hamilton Smith

the restriction enzymes were discovered in microorganism - the enzymes protect the host cell from bacteriophage

January 23, 1962 idea of restriction and modification enzymes born

October 1, 1965 Werner Aber predicted restriction enzymes could be used as a laboratory tool to cleave DNA

1966 discovery of ligase, an enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands

December 14, 1967 functional, 5000-nucleotide-long bacteriophage genome assembled

1968 the first restriction enzyme Escherichia coli K was isolated and purified by Matthew Meselson and Robert Yuan at Harvard

1968 Paul Berg started experiments to generate recombinant

DNA molecules

1969 new idea for generating recombinant DNA conceived

1969 Herbert Boyer isolated restriction enzyme EcoRI from E. coli that cleaves the DNA between G and A in the base sequence GAATTC

1969 Paul Berg and Peter Lobban independently conceive an approach to create rDNAs in vitro and use them to manipulate genes across species

early 1970s first protocol for creating recombinant DNA was put forward by Peter Lobba and Armin Dale Kaiser at Stanford University medical school

1970 Howard Temin and Davin Baltimore discovered the enzyme reverse transcriptase from retrovirauses; later on this enzyme was used to construct a DNA called complementary DNA (cDNA) from any mRNA

1970 first complete gene synthesized

1970 Hamilton O Smith and Thomas Kelly and Kent Welcox at Johns Hopkins University isolated and characterized the first site-specific restriction enzymes later named HANDLL

July 1970 first restriction enzyme isolated and characterized

July 27, 1970 reverse transcriptase first isolated

1971 Paul Berg at Stanford University demonstrated the feasibility of splicing and recombining genes for the first time - Cohen and Boyer develop techniques for rDNA technology, to allow transfer of genetic material from one organism to another

1971 first plasmid bacterial cloning vector constructed

June 1971 Janet Mertz forced to halt experiment to clone recombinant DNA in bacteria after safety concerns raised

December 1971 first experiments published demonstrating the use of restriction enzymes to cut DNA

1971 Douglas Berg and colleagues isolate the first plasmid bacterial cloning vector

1971 Robert Pollack raises first concerns about potential biohazards of cloning

1971 David Jackson and colleagues, Peter Lobban, and A.D. Kaiser develop the method for joining DNAs in vitro

1972 David Jackson, Robert Symons and Paul Berg successfully generated rDNA molecules; they allowed the sticky ends of complementary DNA by using an enzyme DNA ligase

1972 Jackson and colleagues create the first chimeric DNA in vitro

1972 Janet Mertz and Ronald Davis discover a new approach to create specific chimeric DNAs in vitro

1972 Stanley Cohen and colleagues isolate a new cloning vector, pSC101, and create bacterial intra-and interspecies rDNAs

September 1972 first time possible biohazards of recombinant DNA technology publicly discussed

October 1, 1972 first recombinant DNA generated

November 1972 Janet Mertz and Ronald Davis published first EZ-2-use technique for constructing recombinant DNA; showed that when DNA is cleaved with EcoRI, a restriction enzyme, it has sticky ends

1973 for first time S. Cohen and H. Boyer developed a recombinant plasmid which after using as a vector replicated well within a bacterial host

1973 John Morrow and colleagues clone and propagate ribosomal DNA genes from a eukaryote in E. coli

1973 first gene, for insulin production, cloned,

using rDNA technology

March 6, 1973 Genentech startup

November 1, 1973 first time DNA was successfully transferred from one life form to another

1974 regulation begins for recombinant genetic research

1974 first expression in bacteria of a gene cloned from

a different species

May 1, 1974 recombinant DNA successfully reproduced in Escherichia coli

July 1974 temporary moratorium called for on genetic engineering until measures taken to deal with potential biohazards

1975 Edwin M. Southern developed a method for detection of specific DNA fragments for isolation of a gene from complex mixture of DNA; this method is known as the Southern blotting technique

February 1975 Asilomar conference called for voluntary moratorium on genetic engineering research

1976 first prenatal diagnosis by using gene specific probe

1976 yeast genes expressed in E. coli bacteria for the first time

April 1976 first new biotechnology firm established to exploit

rDNA technology

June 23, 1976 NIH released first guidelines for recombinant DNA experimentation

1977 human growth hormone genetically engineered

1977 methods for rapid DNA sequencing, discovery of split genes, and somatostanin by rDNA

Frederick Sanger developed rapid DNA sequencing techniques

1978 human insulin produced in E-coli

October 1978 Nobel prize given in recognition of discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to the problems of molecular genetics

December 1978 Biogen filed preliminary UK patent for technique to clone hepatitis B DNA and antigens

1979 insulin synthesized by using rDNA; first human viral antigen

1979 first DNA fragments of Epstein Barr virus cloned

February 1979 University of Edinburgh scientists published the successful isolation and cloning of DNA fragments of the hepatitis B virus in Escherichia coli

May 1979 - October 1979 Pasteur Institute scientists reported successful cloning of hepatitis B DNA in Escherichia coli

August 30, 1979 UCSF scientists announced the successful cloning and expression of HBsAG in Escherichia coli

December 21, 1979 Biogen applied for European patent to clone fragment of DNA displaying hepatitis B antigen specificity

1980 genetic engineering recognized for patenting; beginning of the creation of numerous biotech companies

1980 first patent awarded for gene cloning

1980 Cesar Milstein proposed the use of recombinant DNA to improve monoclonal antibodies

July 31, 1980 UCSF scientist published method to culture HBsAG antigens in cancer cells

September 1980 scientists reported the first successful development of transgenic mice

1981 foot and mouth disease viral antigen cloned

July 1981 UCSF and Merck filed patent to synthesize HBsAG in recombinant yeast

July 10, 1981 complete library of overlapping DNA fragments of Epstein Barr vvirus cloned

1982 first rDNA animal vaccine approved for sale in Europe (colibaccillosis) - first rDNA

pharmaceutical insulin approved for sale in USA and UK

first successful transfer of a gene from one animal species to another, a transgenic mouse

carrying the gene for rat growth hormone - first transgenic plant produced, using an agrobacterium transformation system

1982 commercial production of coli of genetically engineered human insulin, isolation, cloning and characterization of human cancer gene

March 9, 1982 Eli Lily company started

October 1982 first recombinant DNA drug approved

1983 first successful transfer of a plant gene from one species to another

1983 engineered Ti- plasmid used to transform plants

June 1, 1984 genetically engineered vaccine against hepatitis B reported to have positive trial results

Huntington’s disease is the first mapped genetic disease

1984 first chimeric monoclonal antibodies developed, laying foundation for safer and more effective monoclonal antibody therapeutics

1985 US patent office extends patent protection to genetically engineered plants

1985 insertion of cloned gene from salmonella into tobacco plant to make resistant to herbicide glyphosphate

1985 development of PCR technique

1986 transgenic pigs produced carrying the gene for human

growth hormone

1986 development of gene gun

May 1986 first humanized monoclonal antibody created

1986 first genetically engineered vaccine against hepatitis B approved

June 1986 interferon approved for treating hairy cell leukemia

December 1986 genetically engineered hepatitis B vaccine, Engerix-B, approved in Belgium

December 18, 1986 results released from first small-scale clinical trial of recombinant interferon-alpha therapy for post-transfusion chronic hepatitis B

1987 first field trials in USA of transgenic plants - tomatoes with

a gene for insect resistance

first field trials in USA of genetically engineered micro organism

1987 during the process of analyzing the E. coli genome for genes associated with phosphate metabolism, researchers made an unexpected discovery - they found 5 homologous sequences of 29 nucleotides arranged in direct repeats with 32 nucleotides as spacing in the end region of one gene - this repetitive sequence was later defined as CRISPR

1988 Campath-1H is created; the first clinically useful humanized monoclonal antibody

1988 US patent office extends patent protection to genetically engineered animals

first genetically modified organism approved

human genome mapping project initiated

April 12, 1988 OncoMouse patent granted

1989 first field test of genetically engineered virus (baculovirus) that kills cabbage looper caterpillars

January 1989 genetically engineered hepatitis B vaccine, GenHevac, approved in France

1990 the first gene found to be associated with increased susceptibility to familial breast and ovarian cancer is identified

1990 the human genome project begins

1991 production of first transgenic pigs and goats, manufacture of human hemoglobin

first test of gene therapy on human cancer patients

July 13, 1992 FDA approved the use of genetically engineered interferon-alpha, Intron A, for the treatment of hepatitis B

1993 Halophilic archaea are found to be able to adapt to environmental changes in salinity - while studying this, scientists discovered 30 base pair long DNA segments, repeated at regular distances

further sequencing experiments confirmed the region contained at these 14 near-perfectly conserved repeats flanked on end by a highly degenerated copy

October 13, 1993 Cetus Corporation was sold to Chiron and its patent rights sold for $300 million to Hoffman-LaRoche

December 30, 1993 FDA approved genetically engineered enzyme drug for cystic fibrosis

1994 the Flavr Savr tomato introduced; the first genetically engineered whole food approved for sale; fully human monoclonal antibodies produced in genetically engineered mice

March 8, 1994 National Institute of Health is created

December 22, 1994 first chimeric monoclonal antibody therapeutic approved for market

1995 haemophilus influenzae is the first bacterial genome sequenced

1996 Bermuda Principles established

1997 worlds first mammalian clone (Dolly) developed from a non-reproductive cell of an adult animal through cloning by nuclear transplantation

December 1997 first humanized monoclonal antibody approved

for market

1999 first human chromosome is decoded

2000 genetic code of the fruit fly is decoded

2002 four CRISPR-associated genes were identified in CRISPR-containing prokaryotes, each located adjacent to a CRISPR locus; these genes were absent in CRISPR-negative prokaryotes

2002 mouse is the first mammal to have its genome decoded

2003 the human genome project is completed

2005 three independent research groups demonstrated sequence similarity between spacer regions of CRISPRs and sequences of bacteriophages and plasmids; species containing CRISPR elements were protected from corresponding foreign invaders, demonstrating its function as an immune system

at the same time a pattern necessary for CRISPR to function as an immune system was first discovered in Streptococcus strains

later, other patterns were defined for organisms with different CRISPR systems

these short sequence motifs at joining protospacers were later termed PAM - protospacer adjacent motif

2007 the CRISPR/Cas system is demonstrated to function as an immune system in an experiment with a phage-host model system; a phagesensitive wild thermophilus strain and two virulent bacteriaophages were selected, and several phageresistant mutants were generated by challenging the wild-type strain with the phages; novel spacers derived from phage DNA were integrated into the CRISPR1 locus, conveying resistance to the corresponding phage - when the protospacer sequences were removed, resistance disappeared

2008 the molecular mechanisms underlying the CRISPR-based defense system had yet to be determined using protein tagging and affinity purification, a protein complex of five Cas proteins was identified the complex, Cascade (CRISP-associated complex for antiviral defense) was isolatd from E coli lysates; the CRISPR RNA endonuclease subunit of Cascade forms mature guide RNAs that are essential for antiviral defense

2012 in vitro studies demonstrated that the Cas9-crRNA complex functions as an RNA-guided endonuclease, with Cas9 causing DNA cleavage, and that crRNA base-paired to tracrRNA also directed Cas9 to introduce double-stranded breaks

2013 the ability to edit the genome of eukaryotic cells using CRISPR/Cas9 was demonstrated with targeted genome cleavage in human and mouse cells

CRISPR-on (nuclease-dead Cas9 protein) fused with a transcriptional activation domain and sgRNA is shown to effectively activate reporter genes in human and mouse cells; scientists were able to rescue mice with a dominant mutation in the Crygc gene that causes cataaracts, by injecting Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA into zygotes

2013 DNA Worldwide and Eurofins forensic discover identical twins have difference in their genetic makeup

2014 Cas9/sgRNA screens were established as a tool for systematic genetic analysis in mammalian cells

the CRISPR/Cas9 system has several potential benefits over existing functional screening methods, including the ability to study phenotypes that require a complete loss of function gene to be elicited, a low rate of false negatives in large-scale screens, and the lack of effect of off-target effects on screens; the genome engineering capabilities of CRISPR/Cas9 were demonstrated in primates, with successful targeting of several genes in monkey embryos by co-injection of Cas9 mRNA and sgRNAs

March 2014 promising results announced from trial conducted with HIV patients

2015 the first study demonstrating gene editing of human embryos was published; scientists used CRISPR/Cas9 to cleave the endogenous b-globin gene in tripronuclear zygotes

2016 scientists used CRISPR/Cas9 to improve chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies by reducing alloreactivity

2019 a new gene editing system was characterized and engineered

2020 in early 2020, an outbreak of a novel respiratory virus, SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) rapidly evolved into a global pandemic; one of the greatest challenges was to develop a rapid, accurate testing method that could be used to identify infectious individuals and reduce disease transmission

a CRISPR based assay was developed for the detection and quantification of SARS-Co-2 RNA

unlike other assays, this approach enables direct detection of RNA without any additional manipulations such as amplification

a single guide RNA is used to detect viral RNA, and a flourescent signal may be measured with a mobile phone camera; as such, it is a potentially fast, accurate, and portable option for screening